LIBRARY OF COi^^lGRESS. 



Shelf .\^-.sn 

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



TOPICS IN ANCIENT HISTORY. 

ARRANGED FOR USE IN MT. HOLYOKE SEMINARY 
AND COLLEGE 

By CLARA W.' WOOD. 



BOSTON: 

PUBLISHED BY GINN & COMPANY. 
1888. 






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'TOPICS IN ANCIENT HISTORY. 

ARRANGED FOR USE IN MT. HOLYOKE SEMINARY 
AND COLLEGE 

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By CLARA W. WOOD. 



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Copyright by C. W. Wood, i883. 



Typography by J. S. Gushing & Co., Boston. 



Behold, the puny child of Man 
Sits by Time's boundless sea, 

And gathers in his feeble hand 
Drops of Eternity. 

He overhears some broken words 

Of whispered mystery. 
He writes them in a tiny book 

And calls it History. 

— Ebers. 



All history is prophecy. — Bacon. 



Nothing in the past is dead to the man who would learn 
how the present came to be what it is. — Stubbs. 



The whole interest of History depends on the eternal 
likeness of human nature to itself, and on the similarities or 
analogies which we in consequence perpetually discover 
between that which has been and that which is. 

F. W. NEWM.4N. 

History does not admit of the cogent proof of mathe- 
matics, precisely because her province is an infinitely higher 
one, that of mental and moral conviction. — Bunsen. 



. . . Through the ages one increasing purpose runs, 
And the thoughts of men are widened with the process of 
the suns. — Tennyson. 



No doubt vast eddies in the flood 
Of onward time shall yet be made. 

— Tennyson. 

Sit at the feet of History — through the night 
Of years the steps of virtue she shall trace 

And show the earlier ages, where her sight 
Can pierce the eternal shadows o'er their face. 

— Bryant. 



"A Humanity." 



ANCIENT HISTORY. 



What is History? Define Ancient History, What is 
Philosophy of History? Meaning of the expression "Sci- 
ence of History." Contrasts between Ancient and Modern. 
History. Unity of History. Divisions of the only Historic 
Race ; their general characteristics. Importance of the 
Aryan Family. Great Oriental Civilizations. Universal 
Monarchies of Prophecy. Tests of Civilization. Our in- 
debtedness to the Orient. 

Fisher, Introduction. 
Swinton, Introduction, and pp. 69-72. 
Rawlinson, Ancient Monarchies. 

Lenormant and Chevallier's Manual of the Ancient History of 
the East. 

Ravvlinson's Herodotus. 

Schlegel, Philosophy of History. 

Littell, Vol. 123, p. 195. 

Freeman, Outlines of History. 

Freeman, Methods of Historical Study, Lect. III. 

Smith, Goldwin, Lectures on the Study of History. 

Book of Daniel, chaps. 2, 7, 8, 11. 

Cowles, Commentary on Daniel. 



Every age is a Sphinx, which sinks into the earth as soon 
as its problem is solved. — Heine. 



O fools and blind ! Above the Pyramids 

Stretches once more that hand, 
And tranced Egypt, from her stony lids, 

Flings back her veil of sand. 

And morning smitten Memmon, singing wakes ; 

And listening by his Nile, 
O'er Amnion's grave and awful visage breaks 

A sweet and human smile. — Whither. 



" The Wisdom of the Egyptians.' 



EGYPTIAN HISTORY. 



Historical outline. Great dynasties. The Hyksos. Civ- 
ilization of the Egyptians. Religion. Characteristics of 
Egyptian civilization. Our claim to civilization compared 
with the Egyptian. 

Fisher, pp. 33-42, 69-72. 

Swinton, chap. 2. 

Sheldon's General History, p. 10. 

Myers' Ancient History, pp. 26-44. 

Eclectic, Vol. XH, p. 401. 

Wilkinson, Manners and Customs of Ancient Egyptians. 

Osbiirn, Monumental History of Egypt. 

Bunsen, Egypt's Place in Universal History. 

Smyth, Piazzi, Our Inheritance in the Great Pyramid. 

Ravvlinson, History of Ancient Egypt. 

Rawlinson, Herodotus, Vol. H, chap. 6 

Birch, Ancient History from Monuments, Egypt. 

Littell, Vol. 123, p. 707, "The Egyptian Book of the Dead." 

May Century, 1887, "Finding Pharaoh." 

Ebers, Uarda, Egyptian Princess, The Sisters. 



Ye Gods of Greece ! Bright Fictions, when 

Ye ruled of old, a happier race — 
And mildly bound rejoicing men 

In bonds of Beauty and of Grace ; 
When worship was a service light, 

And duty but an easy bliss, 
And white-hued fanes lit every height. 

Then — what a sparkling world was this. 
***** 
And while these Gods so deigned to share 

Our mbrtal pleasures, downward bending. 
We too to their Empyrean air 

In noble strife were upward tending. 
Ah ! generous Creeds that blossomed forth 

Mid Southern Gnnecia's softer bowers. 
What blight-wind from our bitter North 

Hath seared your hues, and shrunk your flowers ! 

— Schiller (Kenyon's Translation). 



Truth is large. Our aspiration 

Scarce embraces half we be. 
Shame ! to stand in His creation 

And doubt Truth's sufficiency ! 
To think God's song unexcelling 

The poor tales of our own telling. 

IV/ien Fan is dead. — Mrs. Browning. 



Mythology is Language forgetting herself.' 



MYTHOLOGY. 



Theories of its origin. Grecian Mythology. Its philo- 
sophical character. Historical value. Distinction between 
Grecian Mythology and Religion. Importance of the study 
of Mythology. Illustrate by explaining stories from " The 
Age of Fable." Illustrations from general literature. Com- 
parative Mythology. 

Fisher, p. 12, paragraph on Religion, pp. 80, 81. 

Bulfinch, The Age of Fable, Preface and pp. 400-403. 

Seeman, Classical Mythology. 

Keightley, Mythology, pp. 10, 11. 

Murray, Manual of Mythology. Illustrations. 

E. E. Hale, The Age of Fable. 

Gladstone, Juventus Mundi. 

Max Miiller, Chips from a German Workshop. 

Cox, The Mythology of the Aryan Nations. 

Grote, Vol. I. 

Rawlinson, Herodotus, Vol. IT, chap. 3. 

Clement, Mrs., Handbook of Legendary and Mythological Art. 

Coulanges, Fustel de, The Ancient City. 



When Atalanta, as the fables say, 

Hard pressed in race the young Hippomenes, 
To stay her swift pursuit, he cast away 

Apples of gold from the Hesperides. 

Light-footed Fancy leaves Truth far behind, 

Or at least, like Hippomenes, turns her astray 
By the golden illusions he flings in her way. 

— Moore. 



"Yield not thou to adversity, but press on the more 
bravely." 

" Much must he toil who serves the immortal gods." 

" Speak harshly to no soul, and stand by the word which 
you shall speak." 

" The gods help those who help themselves." 

Habits of reverence were to the Greek mind and life what 
the dykes in Holland are to the surface of the country ; 
shutting off passions as the angry sea, and securing a broad 
open surface for the growth of every tender and genial 
product of the soil. — Gladstone. 



"What they mean is true." 



GRECIAN HISTORY. 

I384-I183 B.C. 



The Heroic Age. Hercules. Tell the story of one other 
hero. Two ways of interpreting these legends. Real his- 
torical value. General characteristics of the Heroic Age. 
How did the Heroic Age meet the tests of civihzation? 
What did it leave to the world? 

Fisher, pp. 81-85. 
Swinton, p. 79. 
Seeman, p. 227. 
Grote, Vol. I. 
Curtius, Vol. I. 

Felton, Ancient and Modern Greece, 2d Course, pp. 418-420, 
299-301. 

Bulfinch, The Age of Fable. 
Murray, Manual of Mythology. 
Gladstone, Juventus Mundi, pp. 402-405. 
Schliemann, Troy and Its Remains. 
Schliemann, Mycense and Tiryns. 
Schliemann, Ilios. 
Hawthorne, Wonder Book. 
Kingsley, Greek Heroes. 



" Two voices are there : one is of the Sea, 
One of the Mountains ; each a mighty voice ; 
In both from age to age thou didst rejoice ; 
They were thy chosen music, Liberty ! " 



History does not study material facts and institutions 
alone ; its true object of study is the human mind ; it should 
aspire to know what this mind has believed, thought, and 
felt in the different ages of the life of the human race. 

— FUSTEL DE COULANGES. 



From Egypt, arts their progress made to Greece, 
Wrapped in the fable of the Golden Fleece. 

— Denham. 



GRECIAN HISTORY. 



"Constitutions grow; they are not made." 



Geographical description of Greece. Laconian History. 
Relative excellences and defects of the Spartan Constitution. 
What is the interest and value of Spartan History to the 
world to-day? 

Fisher, pp. 75-80, 85-87. 

Felton, 2d Course, Lect. I, pp. 398-403, 421-423; 3d Course, 

PP- 57-70- 

Swinton, pp. 85-88. 

Myers, pp. 136-143- 

Grote, 

Plutarch, Lycurgus. 

Niebuhr, Lectures on Ethnography and Geography. 

Early Athenian History. Relative importance of Spartan 
and Athenian education. Corinthian comparison between 
Sparta and Athens. 

Fisher, pp. 87-90. 

Myers, pp. 144-149. 

Swinton, pp. 88-90. 

Felton, 2d Course, pp. 423-433, 304-309; 3d Course, Lect. V. 

Jowett's Thucydides, Vol. II, pp. 43-45. 

Cox, Greek Statesmen, Solon. 

Constitution of Cleisthenes. Dicast's Oath of Office. 
Ostracism. Relative excellences and defects of this Consti- 
tution, comparing it with modern free governments. 

Felton, 3d Course, Lect. VI; 2d Course, pp. 4?s-492. 

Grote. 

Cox, Greek Statesmen, Cleisthenes. 



The mysteries, too, in particular, although they did not at 
a later period, as in their origin, diffuse a sounder morality 
than the popular mythology, yet certainly inculcated more 
serious doctrines and more spiritual views of life, exerted, 
together with the Olympic and Isthmian games, a gentle, 
and on the whole, a very beneficial influence, and served as 
a bond of connection between the variously divided and dis- 
cordant nations of Greece. Nay, these public and gymnastic 
games, which were celebrated in the festive poetry of the 
Greeks, served to knit more firmly the bond of national 
union, so exceedingly loose among this people ; and many 
times, in a moment of danger, has the Oracle of Delphi 
roused and united all the sons of Hellas. These political 
decisions of the oracle were not false, so far as in these 
critical moments they gave no other council to the Greeks 
but that of patriotic courage, prudent firmness, and national 
concord. — Schlegel. 



As in the old Greek games, the athletes ran with torches, 
and one handed the light to the other ; so it is with us, — each 
man runneth his racCj but he passeth the torch on to another 
so that the light may never go out from generation to gen- 
eration. — Spurgeon. 



"All run, but one receives the prize." 



NATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. 

776 B.C.-394 A.D. 



Councils. Games. Festivals. Eleusinian Mysteries. 
Schools of Philosophy. Pythagoras. Criticism on these 
Institutions. 

Fisher, pp. 90-92. 

Felton, 2d Course, pp. 444-451, 469, 470. 

Myers, pp. 197-207. 

Thirlwall, Vol. I. 

Schlegel, History of Literature. 

Lewes, History of Philosophy. 



Divisions of the Authentic Period of Ancient History. 

Persian Supremacy, 490-479 B.C. 
Athenian Supremacy, 479-404 B.C. 
Spartan Supremacy, 404—371 B.C. 
Theban Supremacy, 371-360 B.C. 
Macedonian Supremacy, 360-146 B.C. 
Roman Supremacy, 146 B.C.-476 A.D. 



He (Xerxes) stood up against the realm of Grsecia. 

— Book of Daniel. 

The mountains look on Marathon, 

And Marathon looks on the sea. — Byron. 



The flying Mede, his shaftless broken bow ! 
The fiery Greek, his red pursuing spear ! 
Mountains above, Earth's, Ocean's plain below ! 
Such was the scene. — Byron. 



Age shakes Athena's towers, but spares gray Marathon. 

— Byron. 



" Pallas cannot prevail with Zeus, who lives on Olympus, 
though she has besought him with many prayers. 

And the word which I now tell you is firmly fixed as a rock. 

For thus saith Zeus, that, when all else within the land of 
Kekrops (Cecrops) is wasted, the wooden wall alone shall 
not be taken ; and this shall help you and your children. 

But wait not until the horsemen come and the footmen ; 
turn your backs upon them now, and one day you shall meet 
them. 

And thou, divine Salamis, shalt destroy those that are 
born of women, when the seedtime comes, or the harvest." 



'An Immortal Possession." 



PELOPONNESIAN WAR. 

431-404 B.C. 



Length. General causes. Immediate occasion. First 
division of the war. Sicilian expedition. Contrast Pericles 
and Alcibiades. Decelean War. Philosophical view of each 
division. Aristophanes' Plays. Motive of each Play, and 
illustrative extracts. Political mistakes and causes of the 
decline of Athens. 

Fisher, pp. 102-108. 

Curtius, Vol. Ill, pp. 409-413, 580-586. 

Felton, 3d Course, pp. 146-156. 

Creasy, Siege of Syracuse. 

Aristophanes. 

Jowett's Thucydides, pp. 429-431. 

Cox, Greek Statesmen. 

Collin's Classics, Aristophanes. 



MEANING OF THE "PEACE OF ANTALCIDAS." 

It was a popular proverb in Greece during the Peloponne- 
sian Wars that " the fate of Hellenes lies in the hands of 
the King of Persia." This was the result of a mistaken 
policy on the part of the Greeks to allow Persia, though 
conquered and driven back, to give the ultimate decision in 
the struggle between the Greek states. It grew out of a 
narrow jealousy, and was destined to reduce the great inde- 
pendent states of Greece to a condition of vassalage toward 
the conquered Persia. This relation was first formally recog- 
nized and legalized by the " Peace of Antalcidas." The arti- 
cles of this treaty, seemingly harmless, concealed a zeal for 
war ; and instead of being the shield behind which Sparta 
would crouch, it was a sharp sword against her enemies. 

The Great King was now the lord of Hellas. He sum- 
moned congresses of the Greek states, whose deputies hum- 
bly accepted his orders : in all important internal disputes 
he could give the final decision. With this treaty the glori- 
ous age of the " War of Liberation " was at an end, and the 
Persians had really gained what they lost at Salamis and 
Platsea and Mycale. 

By it they gained all they ever had demanded — a Persian 
protectorate in Greece. 

At this time, too, Persia became absolute master over Asia 
Minor, and by preventing the formation of any power to 
protect the defenceless islands near the Asiatic coast really 
controlled them. The resources obtained in this way made 
it possible for the King to suppress the rebellion in Cyprus, 
which was a continuation, a century too late, of the "War of 
Liberation." The Greek states were so full of jealousy and 
selfishness that they had no feeling left for the single national 
struggle which might have gained for Hellas the richest 
island of the Mediterranean. 

This island was the most important result to the Persians 
of the "Peace of Antalcidas." 



For this reason the peace amounted to a Persian victory, 
and an overthrow of the Hellenes, who, by it, betrayed the 
most glorious epoch of their history, and dishonored the 
memory of their great heroes. This humiliation cast a 
double shame upon the Greeks, because they were not 
yielding to superior power, but abased themselves before a 
foe whom they had overthrown, and whose internal weakness 
was now more notorious than ever before. 

The Great King had been alternately serving Sparta and 
Athens, when intending only to serve himself. Deep as was 
the moral overthrow of the Greeks in accepting this treaty, 
its external consequences were less than might have been 
expected from its arrogant terms. 

The Persian lord of Hellas was incapable of asserting a 
real supremacy, and the internal affairs of Greece were still 
effectually to be decided by Sparta and Athens ; yet the 
renunciation of the position held by the Greeks in the 
^gean Sea, since the battle of Mycale, could not but blunt 
the last feelings of honor left in the Greek states, and 
undermine such remnants as still survived of national dignity. 

— Abridged from CuRTius. 



"A True Hellene." 

SPARTAN AND THEBAN SUPREM- 
ACIES. 



Corinthian War. Meaning of " Peace of Antalcidas." 
Contrast Agesilaus and Antalcidas. Epaminondas. Com- 
parison between Athenian and Theban Supremacies. 

Fisher, pp. 109, 1 10. 

Curtius, Vol. IV, pp. 511-524. 

Cox, Greek Statesmen. 



Think of the crowds of Dionysiac artists, and their joyous 
wandering Ufe, the festivals and games of old and new Greek 
cities, even in the far East, to which are gathered from afar 
festive spectators in a common worship. As far as the colo- 
nies on the Indus and Jaxartes, the Greek has kinsmen, and 
finds countrymen. . . . Science orders into system the 
marvellous traditions of the Babylonians, Egyptians, and 
Hindoos, and strives, from a comparison of them, to gain 
new results. 

All these streams of civilization . . . are now united in 
the cauldron of Hellenistic culture. — Drovsen. 



To the famous orators repair 

Those ancient, whose resistless eloquence 
Wielded at will that fierce democratic, 

Shook the arsenal, and thundered over Greece 
To Macedon and Artaxerxes' throne. — Milton. 



Wars of Liberation." 



PERSIAN WARS. 



Brief outline of Persian History. Cyrus the Great. 

Darius Hystaspes. Ionic Revolt. Particular account of 

the Persian Wars. Xerxes. Themistocles. Pausanias. 
Aristides. Philosophical view of the result. 

Fisher, pp. 64-69, 93-97. 

Willson, pp. 690-694. 

Myers, pp. 108-125, 150-159. 

Swinton, pp. 55-62, 91-98. 

Collin's Classics, Herodotus. 

Cox, Greek Statesmen. 

Creasy, Fifteen Decisive Battles of the World, Marathon. 

Curtius, Vol. II, pp. 348-352, 322-328. 

Heeren, chap. 8. 

Felton, 3d Course, pp. 1 12-120. 

Rawlinson's Herodotus. 

Grote, Vol. V, pp. 120-136. 

^schylus, The Persians. 



There is a tide in the affairs of men, 

Which, taken at the flood, leads on to fortune. 

— Shakespeare. 



There is a history in all men's lives, 
Figuring the nature of the time deceased ; 
The which observed, a man may prophesy 
With a near aim, of the main chance of things 
As yet not come to life, which in their seeds. 
And weak beginnings, lie intreasured. 

— Shakespeare. 



Where on the JEgean shore a city stands. 

Built nobly, pure the air and light the soil ; 

Athens, the eye of Greece, mother of arts 

And eloquence, native to famous wits 

Or hospitable, in her sweet recess. 

City or suburban, studious walks and shades, 

See there the olive grove of Academe, ' 

Plato's retirement, where the Attic bird 

Trills her thick-warbled notes the summer long. 

— Milton. 



Athens is the school of the civilized world. — Felton. 



"The Right Man at the Right Time." 



AGE OF PERICLES. 

469-429 r..c. 



Pericles. Phidias. Demostlienes. ^Eschylus. Herod- 
otus. Socrates. Aristoplianes. Confederacy of Delos, 
Athens in the " Age of Pericles." Influence of the Drama. 
Extracts from the hterature of this age. 



Fisher, pp. 97-102. 

Felton, 3d Course, pp. 125-138; and Lect. XII. 
Curtius, Vol. II, pp. 481-489, 501-51 1; Vol. Ill, pp. 81-85; 
Vol. V, pp. 467-4S2. 
Thirlwall. 

Cox, Greek Statesmen, Vol. II, pp. 28, 29. 
Rollin, Vol. II. 

Rawlinson's Herodotus, Vol. I, chap. 3. 
Wordsworth, Pictorial Greece, pp. 185-222. 
Lord, Beacon Lights of History, Socrates, Phidias. 
Adams, Temples and Monuments. 
Jevons, History of Greek Literature. 

Collin's Classics, Aristophanes, ^Eschylus, Socrates, Herodotus. 
Landor, Imaginary Conversations, Pericles and Aspasia. 
Hamerling, Aspasia. 



Oh Greece ! thy flourishing cities were a spoil 

Unto each other ; thy hard hand oppressed 
And crushed the helpless ; thou didst make thy soil 

Drunk with the blood of those that loved thee best ; 

And thou didst drive, from thy unnatural breast, 
Thy just and brave to die in distant cHmes ; 

Earth shuddered at thy deeds, and sighed for rest 
From thine abominations ; aftertimes. 
That yet shall read thy tale, will tremble at thy crimes. 

Yet there was that within thee which has saved 

Thy glory and redeemed thy blotted name ; 
The story of thy better deeds, engraved 

On fame's unmouldering pillar, puts to shame 

Our chiller virtues ; the high art to tame 
The whirlwind of the passions was thine own ; 

And the pure ray, that from thy bosom came. 
Far over many a land and age has shone. 
And mingles with the light that beams from God's own throne. 

The Ages. — Bryant. 



"S. p. Q. R." 

REPUBLICAN PERIOD. 

Struggle for Existence. 509-390 B.C. 



The Family. Early Constitutional History. Narrative to 
the Gallic Invasion. Incidents illustrating striking traits of 
character. Coriolanus. Camillus. Result of the struggle 
for existence. Extracts from the play of Coriolanus. 

Fisher, pp. 133-137- 

Swinton, pp. 136-144. 

Labberton. 

Sheldon, pp. 1 31-135. 

Coulanges, The Ancient City. 

Ihne. 

Leighton. 

Myers. 

Arnold. 

Shakespeare, Coriolanus. 



OUTLINE OF ROMAN JURISPRUDENCE. 

I. Period of the Republic. 450-100 B.C. 
Characterized by the hberalization of law, its change from 
a system of arbitrary rules to one of reason and justice. 

II. Period of Heathen Emperors. 100 B.C.-250 a.d. 
Characterized by development of scientific law-literature. 

III. Period of Christian Emperors. 250-550 a.d. 
Characterized by the formation of great law-codes, but no 
addition to lesral learninor. — Hadley. 



We are not entitled to say that if the Twelve Tables had 
not been written the Romans would have been condemned 
to a civilization as feeble and perverted as that of the Hin- 
doos, but thus much at least is certain, that with their code, 
they were exempt from the very chance of so unhappy a 
destiny. — Maine. 



Then equal laws were planted in the state. 

To shield alike the humble and the great. — Cooke. 



The law is reason. — Aristotle. 



"The Indigenous Science of the Romans." 



ROMAN LAW. 



Sheldon, pp. 145. ^46- 

Arnold, pp. 96-113- 

Mommsen, Vol. I, pp. 156-170, 201-217, 445-451' 550-557- 

Gibbon, Vol. IV, pp. 29S-3S4. 

Hadley, Introduction to Roman Law. 

Maine, Ancient Law. 

Lord, Old Roman World, chap. 6. 

Coulanges, The Ancient City, pp. 248-258, 410-423. 

Michelet, Roman Republic, pp. 81-110. 



EPOCH OF CONQUEST OF ITALY. 

390-264 B.C. 



Gallic Invasion and Wars. Samnite Wars. Conquest of 
Magna Gr^ecia. Speech of Appiiis Claudius. Estimates of 
Pyrrhus. 

Fisher, pp. 136-142. 

Ihne, Vol. I, pp. 521, 504-510. 

Mommsen, Vol. I, pp. 396-400.- 493-497- 



The great republic see ! that glowed sublime, 

With the mixed freedom of a thousand states. — Thomson. 



Visions of fight and old heroic fame 

Before the mind's eye into being start, 

Deeds which their inspiration still impart. — Reade. 



Here shall shepherds tell 
To passing travellers, when we are dust, 
How, by the shores of reedy Thrasymene, 
We fought and conquered, while the earthquake shook 
The walls of Rome. — John Nichol. 



We win where least we care to strive, 

And where the most we strive we miss. 
Old Hannibal, if now alive, 

Might sadly testify to this. 
He lost the Rome for which he came ; 

And — what he never had /;/ petto, — 
Won for this little brook a name, — 

Its mournful name of Sanguinetto. — John Kenyon. 



Conquered and conqueror's dust have passed away. 
But that once blood-dyed stream records the dreadful day. 

— Reade, 



The night of Cannse's raging field ! 
When half the Roman senate lay in blood. — Young. 



"A mighty King shall stand up, that shall rule with great donninion, 
and do according to his will." 



MACEDONIAN SUPREMACY. 



Important events of the Macedonian Supremacy. Philip's 
great aim in connecting himself with Grecian affairs ; how 
did he accomplish it? Warnings of Demosthenes. Alex- 
ander the Great. Aristotle. Lamian War. Partition of 
Alexander's Empire. What plans of Alexander have been 
carried out? Achaean League. Greece under Macedon. 
Macedonia and Greece as Roman Provinces. 

Fisher, pp. 111-121. 

Myers, pp. 178-186. 

Swinton, pp. 103-111. 

Thirlwall, Vol. II, pp. 266-268. 

RolHn, Vol. IV, pp. 386-405. 

Niebuhr, Vol. V, pp. 420-422. 

Felton, 3d Course, pp. 231-233; 4th Course, Lect. II, pp. 274-279. 

Plutarch, Vol. V. 

Curtius, Vol. V, pp. 486-495. 

Finlay, Greece under the Romans, chap. I. 

Book of Daniel, chap. XI. 



Falsehood lurks by the cradle of nations. 

— Eastern Proverb. 



Succeeding times did equal folly call, 
Believing nothing, or believing all. — Dryden, 



First to the gods 'tis fitting to prepare 

The due libation and the solemn prayer ; 

For all mankind alike recjuire their grace. — Homer. 



Others, I grant, indeed, shall with more delicacy mould 
the breathing brass ; from the marble draw the features to 
the life, plead causes better ; describe with the rod the 
courses of the heavens, and explain the rising stars ; to rule 
the nation with imperial sway be thy care. O Romans, 
these shall be thy arts : to impose terms of peace, to spare 
the humbled, and crush the proud. — Virgil. 



' A. U. C." 



ROMAN HISTORY. 

753-509 B.C. 



Importance of Roman History. Contrast with Greece. 
Proofs of common origin. Geography and races of Italy. 
Character and truth of early legends. Religion of the 
Romans. Authenticity of Regal Roman History. 

Fisher, pp. 124-133. 

Swinton, pp. 1 30- 135. 

Myers. 

Arnold. 

Labberton. 

Leighton. 

Ihne, Vol. I, pp. 284, 285. 

Coulanges, The Ancient City. 

Dyer, Kings of Rome. 

Niebuhr. 

Lewis, Credibility of Early Roman History. 

Macaulay, Lays of Ancient Rome. 



Roman citizenship. 

— Acts 16:37; 22 : 25 ; 23:27; 25 : 10-21. 



With great examples of old Greece or Rome 
Enlarge thy free-born heart. — Somerville. 



Like rigid Cincinnatus, nobly poor. — Thomson. 



Who has not heard the Fabian heroes sung? 
Dentatus' scars, or Mutius' flaming hand ? 
How Manhus saved the capitol? The choice 
Of steady Regains. — Dyer. 



The senators of Rome are this good belly, 

And you the mutinous members ; for examine 

Their counsels and their cares ; digest things rightly. 

Touching the weal o' the common ; you shall find 

No public benefit, which you receive 

But it proceeds, or comes, from them to you ; 

And no way from yourselves. — Shakespeare. 



Know, Rome, that all alone Marcius did fight 
Within Corioli's gates ; where he hath won. 
With fame, a name to Caius Marcius ; these 
In honor follows Coriolanus. — Shakespeare, 



" She who was named Eternal, and arrayed 
Her warriors but to conquer." 



FOREIGN WARS. 

264-133 B.C. 



Outline of Phoenician Civilization. Carthage. The First 
Punic War. Moral and political principles involved in the 
opening of the war. Second Punic War. Hannibal. Criti- 
cisms. Third Punic War. Cato. Comparison between 
Aristides and Cato. Comparison between Rome and Car- 
thage. Causes of the fall of Carthage. Comparison between 
Hannibal and Napoleon. Other foreign wars. Good and 
evil effects of foreign conquest. 

Fisher, pp. 51-55, 143-152- 

Myers, pp. 101-107, 271-305. 

Swinton, pp. 43-49, 156-158. 

Lenormant and Chevallier, Ancient History of the East, Vol. II, 
pp. 199-206, 214-224. 

Niebuhr, Lectures on Roman History, Vol. II, pp. 74-77, 82-85. 

Mommsen, Vol. II, pp. 20-27, 30-37, 94, 95, 114-116. 

Lord, Old Roman World, pp. 37, 38. 

Creasy, Battle of the River Metaurus. 

Church, The Story of Carthage. 

Ihne. 

Browne, Roman Classical Literature. 

Bosworth Smith, Carthage and the Carthaginians, chaps. I and 3; 
also, pp. 407-410, 285-296. 

Arnold, Incidents. 



Old events have modern meanings. — Lowell. 



We may gather out of History a pohcy no less wise than 
eternal, by the comparison of other men's miseries with our 
own like errors. — Sir Walter Raleigh. 



In every heart 
Are sown the sparks that kindle fiery war, 
Occasion needs but fan them, and they blaze. 

— COWPER. 



Wars where no triumphs on the victors wait. — Lucan. 



A mad world, my masters. — Middleton. 



Rome indeed, and room enough, 

When there is in it but one only man. — Shakespeare. 



The ages that are to be will try you, it may be with minds 
less prejudiced than ours, uninfluenced either by the desire 
to please you or by envy of your greatness. — Cicero. 



"Revolutions never go backward." 



CIVIL CONTESTS OF THE REPUBLIC. 

133-31 B.C. 



Causes. Immediate and later effects of the Dissensions 
of the Gracchi. PoHtical significance of the Jugurthine War. 
Political importance of the defeat of the Germanic Invasion. 
Csesar. Pompey. Cicero. Augustus. Criticisms. Causes 
of the fall of the Republic. Study Historical Pictures. 

Fisher, pp. 153-162, 162-167. 
Svvinton, pp. 164, 165. 
Myers. 

Mommsen, Vol. Ill, pp. 194, 235-237; Vol. IV, pp. 450-458. 
Leighton. 

Niebuhr, Lectures on Roman History, Vol. V, pp. 24-26; Vol. Ill, 
Lect. XLIII. 

Ihne, Vol. IV, chap. 2. 

Gibbon, Vol. I, p. 138, iioie. 

Froude. 

Plutarch. 

Collin's Classics. 

Shakespeare, Julius Csesar; Antony and Cleopatra. 

Forsythe, Cicero, pp. 319-330. 

Lord, Beacon Lights of History, Ccesar, Cicero, Cleopatra. 

Browne, Roman Classical Literature. 

Church, Roman Life in the Days of Cicero. 

Merivale, Vol. I, chap. 3; Vol. II, chap. 22. 



" Revolution could not restore the ancient character of 
the Roman nation, but it could check the progress of decay 
by burning away the more corrupted parts of it." 



The establishment of the Roman Empire, was, after all, 
the greatest political work that any human being ever 
wrought. — Merivale. 



" The Empire was the final outcome of Ancient History." 



While stands the Coliseum, Rome shall stand ; 
When falls the Coliseum, Rome shall fall ; 
And when Rome falls, the world, — Byron. 



" All Rome is guilty of this Nero." 



From Brick to Marble. 



IMPERIAL PERIOD. 

31 B.C.-476 A.D. 



Important events of the First Imperial Century. The 
Augustan Age. Provinces. War with Germans. Germani- 
cus. Agricola. Conquest of Britain. Pr^torian Guards. 
Destruction of Jerusalem. Philosophical view of this 
century. 

Fisher, pp. 1 68-1 81. 

Swinton, pp. 1S2-190, 201-206. 

Myers. 

Leigh ton. 

Mommsen, Provinces. 

Creasy, Battle of Teutoberg Forest. 

Niebuhr, Vol. Ill, pp. 161-165. 

Merivale, Vol. IV, pp. 268-278. 

Guizot. 

White, Eighteen Christian Centuries. 

Mrs. Charles, Victory of the Vanquished. 

Wallace, Ben Hur. 

Lytton, Last Days of Pompeii. 

Becker, Gallus. 

Shumway, A Day in Ancient Rome. 



And wise Aurelius, in whose well-taught mind, 

With boundless power, unbounded virtue joined, 

His own strict judge, and patron of mankind. — Pope. 



The happy ages of History are never the productive ones. 

— Hegel. 

The blameless career of these illustrious princes has fur- 
nished the best excuse for Caesarism in all after-ages. 

— Merivale. 

" It is more delightful," says Niebuhr, " to speak of Marcus 
Aurelius than of any man in history ; for if there is any 
sublime human virtue, it is his. He was certainly the 
noblest character of his time ; and I know no other man 
who combined such unaffected kindness, mildness, and 
humility, with such conscientiousness and severity towards 
himself. We possess innumerable busts of him, for every 
Roman of his time was anxious to possess his portrait ; and 
if there is anywhere an expression of virtue, it is in the 
heavenly features of Marcus Aurelius." 



If you set aside, for a moment, the contemplation of the 
Christian verities, search throughout all nature, and you will 
not find a grander object than the Antonines. 

— Montesquieu. 

Take care not to be Csesarized. — Marcus Aurelius. 



All roads lead to Rome." 



SECOND IMPERIAL CENTURY. 



Five 'Good Emperors. Marcus Aurelius. Internal and 
external condition cff Rome. Make a study of the His- 
torical Pictures. Philosophical view of this century. 

Fisher, pp. 181-185. 

Merivale, Vol. VII, chap. 63. 

Guizot, History of France, Vol. I, pp. gS^io2. 

Gibljon, Vol. I, chaps, i and 2. 

Shumway, A Day in Ancient Rome. 

Lord, Ancient History. 

Guhl and Koner, Life of the Greeks and Romans. 

White, Eighteen Christian Centuries. 

Long, Thoughts of Antoninus. 

Farrar, Seekers after God. 

Ebers, The Emperor. 



Fear of change perplexes monarchs. — Milton. 

He's only great who can himself command. — Lansdown. 



Alas ! the lofty city ! and alas ! 

The trebly hundred triumphs ! 

* * * * 

Alas, for Tully's voice, and Virgil's lay, 

And Livy's pictured page ! but these shall be 

Her resurrection ; all beside — decay. 

Alas for Earth, for never shall ^fe see 

That brightness in her eye she bore 

When Rome was free ! — Byron. 



The Roman eagle seized 

The double prey, and proudly perched on high ! 

And here a thousand years he plumed his wings. 

Till from his lofty eyrie, tempest- tost. 

And impotent through age, headlong he plunged. 

While nations shuddered as they saw him fall, — Anon. 



Vainly that ray of brightness from above 

That shone around the Galilean lake. 
The hght of hope, the leading star of love, 

Struggled, the darkness of that day to break. 

— Bryant. 



'The Niobe of Nations." 



THIRD, FOURTH, AND FIFTH CEN- 
TURIES. 



Septimius Severus. Aurelian. Zenobia. Diocletian. Con- 
stantine the Great. Julian the Apostate. Council of Nice. 
Gothic Invasions. Battle of Adrianople. Theodosius the 
Great. Battle of Chalons. Philosophical view of each 
century. Causes of the decline and fall of the Roman 
Empire. Relation of the Roman Empire to the Progress 
of Christianity. What did the Roman Civilization leave to 
the world? 

Fisher, pp. 185-196. 

Gibbon, Vol. I, p. 350. 

White, Eighteen Christian Centuries. 

FeUon, 4th Course, pp. 293-342. 

Kingsley, The Roman and the Teuton. 

Merivale, Vol. VII. 

Lord, Old Roman World, chaps. 13 and 14. 

Curteis, History of the Roman Empire, chap. 2. 

Coulanges, Ancient City, pp. 519-529. 

Swinton, pp. 194-201. 

Dean Stanley, Eastern Church. 

Ware, Aurelian, Zenobia. 

Kingsley, Hypatia. 

Mrs. Charles, Conquering and to Conquer. 



The grandest system of civilization has its orbit, and may 
complete its course ; but not so the human race, to which 
even when it seems to have attained its goal, the old task is 
ever set anew, with a wider range and with a deeper 
meaning. — Mommsen. 



All history teaches us to hope that all evils will be over- 
ruled, and that there is a steady tendency among all nations 
to free institutions and emancipation from all slaveries, 
through the benign influence of the Christian religion. 

— Lord. 



We learn in history to sympathize with what is great and 
good ; we learn to hate what is base. In the anomalies of 
fortune we feel the mystery of our mortal existence ; and in 
the companionship of the illustrious natures who have shaped 
the fortunes of the world, we escape from the littlenesses 
which cling to the round of common life, and our minds are 
tuned in a higher and nobler key. — Froude. 



For we are Ancients of the earth. 

And in the morning of the times. — Tennyson. 



PRINCIPAL REFERENCES. 



— E 
;ory 



cal Art 



Adams, Temples and Monuments . 

Arnold, History of Rome 

Becker, Charicles; Gallus 

Browne, Roman Classical Literature 

Bulfinch, Age of Fable . 

Birch, Ancient History from Monuments 

Bunsen, Egypt's Place in Universal His 

Church, The Story of Carthage 

Church, Roman Life in the Days of Cicero 

Clement, Mrs., Handbook of Mythologi 

Collin, Ancient Classics . 

Cook, Occident . . . • 

Coulanges, The Ancient City 

Cox, Greek Statesmen 

Cox, Mythology of the Aryan Nations 

Creasy, Fifteen Decisive Battles 

Curteis, History of the Roman Empire 

Curtius, History of Greece 

Doran, Monarchs retired from Business 

Dyer, Kings of Rome 

Felton, Ancient and Modern Greece 

Finlay, Greece under the Roman . 

Forsythe, Life of Cicero 

Freeman, Outhnes of History 

Freeman, Methods of Historical Study 

Froude, Ccesar , . . . 

Gibbon, Rome .... 

Gladstone, Juventus Mundi . 

Grote, History of Greece 

Guhl and Koner, Life of Greeks and Romans 

Hadley, Introduction to Roman Law 



ypt 



SHELF 

773 
782 

785 
365 

774 
773 
784 

7S5 
785 
386 

355 
885 

774 
684 

774 
781, 784 
764 

774 
6S3 

771 
770 

771 
773 
775 
7S1 

773 
773 
364 
772 
782 
474 



PRINCIPAL REFERENCES. 



Heeren, History of Greece 

Ihne, History of Rome . . 

Jevons, History of Greek Literature 

Jowett, Thucy elides 

Jameson, Mrs., Celebrated Female Sovereigns 

Keightley, Mythology 

Keightley, History of Greece . 

Kingsley, The Roman and the Teuton 

Landor, Imaginary Conversations (Works, V 

Leighton, History of Rome . 

Lenormant and Chevallier, Ancient History 

Lewes, History of Philosophy 

Lewis, Credibility of Early Roman History 

Long, Thoughts of Antoninus 

Lord, Old Roman World 

Lord, Points of History .... 

Lord, Beacon Lights of History 

Maine, Ancient Law .... 

Merivale, History of the Romans . 

Michelet, The Roman Republic 

Mommsen, History of Rome 

Mommsen, The Provinces 

Muller, Chips from a German Workshop (Vol 

Murray, Manual of Mythology 

Myers, Outlines of Ancient History 

Niebuhr, Lectures on History 

Osburn, Monumental History of Egypt . 

Ploetz, Epitome of Plistory 

Plutarch, Lives ..... 

Rawlinson, Ancient Monarchies 

Rawlinson, Herodotus .... 

Rollin, Ancient History .... 

Schlegel, Philosophy of History 

Schliemann, Troy and Its Remains 

Schliemann, Mycence and Tiryns . 

Schliemann, Ilios ..... 

Seemann, Classical Mythology 

Shakespeare, Historical Plays (Vol. V) . 

Sheldon, General History 

Shumway, A Day in Ancient Rome 



ol. II) 



of th 



e East 



11) 



771 
770 
364 
340 
673 
781 
782 
771 
330 
775 
775 
632 
781 
355 
773 
775 
775 
473 
774 
775 
774- 775 
771 

331 
785 
775 
773> 771 
784 

775 
684 

783 
773 

772 

774 
783 
783 
783 
773 
312 

775 
785 



V 



PRINCIPAL REFERENCES. 



Smith, R. B., Carthage and the Carthaginians 

Smyth, Our Inheritance in the Great Pyramids 

Swinton, Outlines of History 

Thirlwall, History of Greece .... 

White, Eighteen Christian Centuries 

Wilkinson, Manners and Customs of Ancient Egyptians 

Wordsworth, Pictorial Greece 



785 
7S5 
773 
782 
784 

785 
780 



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Hudson . 



Johnson . 
Lee .... 

Martineau 
Minto . . 

Rolfe . . . 
Scott. . . 



Sprague 



Swift , 
Thorn , 



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